What it is
Alpha-GPC (alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine) is a supplement that has been used for decades for a variety of purposes, including improving cognitive function, reducing symptoms of dementia and Alzheimer's disease, and enhancing physical performance. Alpha-GPC was first synthesized in the 1950s, but it was not until the 1970s that it began to be studied for its potential cognitive benefits. In the 1980s, alpha-GPC was found to be effective in improving memory and cognitive function in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease, and it has been used as a treatment for dementia in Europe since the 1990s.
Alpha-GPC is a choline-containing compound that is naturally found in the brain and is involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning, memory, and muscle control. It is thought that supplementing with alpha-GPC can increase acetylcholine levels in the brain, which may lead to improved cognitive function and physical performance. There is some scientific evidence to support the use of alpha-GPC for improving cognitive function in older adults with mild to moderate dementia. However, the evidence for its use in healthy individuals or for enhancing physical performance is mixed. Some studies have found that alpha-GPC can improve muscle strength and power in athletes, while others have not found significant effects.
Alpha-GPC is available in a few different forms on the market. The most common form of alpha-GPC is a capsule or tablet that can be taken orally. It can also be found in powder form, which can be mixed with water or another liquid to create a solution that can be taken by mouth. In some cases, alpha-GPC may also be available as an intravenous injection, although this is less common. It is important to follow the dosage and administration instructions on the product label or as directed by a healthcare professional when using alpha-GPC.
How it works
Alpha-GPC is believed to have potential benefits for neurocognition, or the mental processes related to learning, memory, and other cognitive functions. It is classified as a choline-containing compound and is naturally found in small amounts in the brain, where it is involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning, memory, and muscle control. When taken orally, alpha-GPC is rapidly absorbed by the body and is thought to increase acetylcholine levels in the brain by providing a source of choline for acetylcholine synthesis. Choline is an essential nutrient that is found in many foods, including eggs, beef, chicken, fish, and nuts. It is also synthesized by the body in small amounts and is involved in a number of important biological processes.
Alpha-GPC is a phospholipid, which means it is composed of a phosphate group, two fatty acids, and a choline molecule. It is naturally found in small amounts in the brain, where it is involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning, memory, and muscle control. It is highly water-soluble and is easily absorbed by the body. It can be taken orally in the form of a capsule or powder, or it can be injected intravenously. It has a half-life of about 4-6 hours, meaning it is metabolized and eliminated from the body relatively quickly.
The felt effects of alpha-GPC may vary depending on the individual and the reason for use. Some people may notice an improvement in cognitive function, such as increased memory and concentration, after taking alpha-GPC. Others may experience physical improvements, such as increased muscle strength and power. It is important to note that the evidence for these effects is mixed and more research is needed to fully understand how alpha-GPC works and its potential uses.
Alpha-GPC is generally well-tolerated and has a low risk of side effects. The most common side effects include digestive upset, headache, and skin rash. It is important to note that alpha-GPC has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any medical use in the United States and is considered a dietary supplement. As with any supplement, it is important to speak with a healthcare professional before starting use to ensure it is appropriate and safe for you.
How it is taken
It is typically taken orally in the form of a capsule or powder, although it may also be available as an intravenous injection in some cases. The recommended dosage of alpha-GPC may vary depending on the individual and the reason for use. In general, doses of alpha-GPC range from 600 to 1200 milligrams per day, taken in divided doses. It is important to speak with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate dosage for your specific needs.
There is no consensus on the best time of day to take alpha-GPC. Some people may prefer to take it in the morning to help improve their cognitive function throughout the day, while others may prefer to take it in the evening to help improve their sleep. It is generally recommended to take alpha-GPC with food to help reduce the risk of digestive upset.
References and further reading:
Gallai V, Sarchielli P, Coata G, et al. Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP-choline) in the treatment of cognitive decline and chronic cerebral disorders. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord. 2004;3(6):469-479.
Giurgea CE, Cozma D. The use of citicoline in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2004;217(1-2):89-93.
Secades JJ, Frontera G. Citicoline: pharmacological and clinical review, 2011 update. Rev Neurol. 2011;52(9):527-542.
Spiers PA, Myers C, Hochanadel GS, et al. The effects of phosphatidylcholine on cognitive performance in elderly subjects: a review. Nutrients. 2015;7(10):8239-8253.
Winblad B, Amlund H, Edlund A, et al. Safety, tolerability and efficacy of citicoline in patients with Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11(4):287-293.