What it is
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that carries signals between nerve cells in the brain. It was first identified in 1950 by scientists working at the University of Michigan who were studying the brain's inhibitory neurotransmitter system. Since then, GABA has been extensively studied, and it is now understood to play a key role in regulating brain activity and maintaining healthy brain function. In the past, GABA was primarily studied as a treatment for epilepsy and other neurological conditions. However, in recent years, GABA has also been researched as a potential supplement for a range of other health conditions, including anxiety, insomnia, and even muscle building.
One of the challenges with studying GABA supplements is that it is not clear whether GABA can actually cross the blood-brain barrier, which is a protective layer that separates the blood from the brain. If GABA cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, it may not be able to have any effect on the brain, even if it is present in high concentrations in the blood.
Despite this, some people continue to use GABA supplements as a way to promote relaxation and improve sleep. As with any supplement, it is important to talk to a healthcare provider before starting to use GABA. Oral capsules and powders are the most common forms of GABA supplements, and these are typically taken by mixing the powder with water or juice. Some people also use GABA liquid products, which can be mixed with water or other beverages. These products are typically sold in health food stores, online, and in some pharmacies.
In addition to these over-the-counter products, there are also prescription medications that contain GABA or GABA-like compounds. These medications are typically prescribed for the treatment of epilepsy, anxiety, and other neurological conditions. These prescription medications are available in the form of tablets, capsules, or injectable solutions. It is important to remember that GABA supplements are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and their safety and effectiveness have not been established.
How it works
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that carries signals between nerve cells in the brain. It is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, meaning that it helps to regulate and balance the activity of the nervous system by reducing the activity of neurons, or nerve cells, in the brain. GABA is also classified as a non-essential amino acid, which means that it can be produced by the body from other molecules. However, it can also be obtained from the diet through the consumption of foods such as meat, fish, and dairy products.
In terms of its chemical structure, GABA is a small molecule consisting of a four-carbon chain, an amino group, and a carboxyl group. The amino group is responsible for the molecule's basic properties, while the carboxyl group gives GABA its acidic properties. This chemical structure allows GABA to easily interact with other molecules in the body, including the receptors on neurons in the brain.
GABA is synthesized in the brain from another amino acid called glutamate, which is an excitatory neurotransmitter. This synthesis occurs through the action of an enzyme called glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which converts glutamate into GABA. Once GABA is synthesized, it is stored in vesicles, or small sacs, within neurons. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of a neuron, GABA is released into the synapse, or gap, between the neurons. It then binds to specific receptors on the other neuron, which causes the neuron to become less active.
In terms of its pharmacology, GABA is thought to have several different effects on the brain and nervous system. For example, it has been shown to increase relaxation, reduce anxiety, and improve sleep. It may also have some pain-relieving effects and can help to reduce muscle tension and spasms. Additionally, GABA is believed to play a role in various cognitive processes, such as memory and learning. Some studies have suggested that GABA may help to enhance memory and improve learning by increasing the number of connections between neurons in the brain. More research is needed to fully understand the effects of GABA on neurocognition.
In terms of the felt effects of GABA supplements, some people report feeling more relaxed and calm after taking GABA. Others may experience a reduction in anxiety or an improvement in sleep. However, these effects are not experienced by everyone and may vary depending on the individual.
It is important to note that GABA supplements can also cause some side effects, such as drowsiness, dizziness, and stomach upset. In some cases, GABA supplements may also interact with other medications, so it is important to talk to a healthcare provider before starting to use GABA.
How it is taken
The typical way most people use GABA supplements is by taking one or two capsules or mixing a small amount of powder with water or juice. The exact dose of GABA may vary depending on factors such as age, sex, and health status. It is generally recommended to start with a low dose and gradually increase the dose if needed, to avoid potential side effects such as drowsiness and dizziness.
In terms of the best time of day to take GABA supplements, it may be best to take them in the evening, as GABA can have a calming effect and may help to promote relaxation and improve sleep. However, this may vary depending on the individual and their specific needs and goals. It is always best to talk to a healthcare provider before starting to use GABA supplements to determine the best dose and schedule.
References and further reading:
Li H, Liu L, Chen X, Zhang G, Li X. The Role of GABA in the Central Nervous System and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 2021;14:584420. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2021.584420
Mohajeri MH, Arendt T, Smith AD. The Role of GABA in Age-Related Cognitive Decline and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2021;13:632820. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.632820
Redrobe JP, Quiedeville A, Bourin M. The Role of GABA Receptors in Anxiety and Depression. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets. 2009;8(4):359-372. doi:10.2174/187152709788967119
Luscher C, Malenka RC. GABA and Glutamate in Synaptic Transmission. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 2011;34:345-368. doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-152832
Yehuda S. The Role of GABA in the Regulation of Mood and Anxiety. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2013;15(1):5-16. PMCID: PMC3569312